Fractura esternal: descripción de tratamiento quirúrgico / Sternal fracture: surgical management description

Resumen Objetivo: Describir características demográficas y tratamiento quirúrgico realizado a pacientes con fractura de esternón (FE) en los últimos 5 años. Materiales y Método: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de pacientes operados por fractura esternal entre enero de 2015 y enero de 2020. Se analizaron edad, sexo, antecedentes mórbidos, hemodinamia de ingreso, mecanismo causal, características de lesión esternal, lesiones asociadas, indicación quirúrgica y complicaciones. Resultados: Durante el período ingresaron a nuestro hospital 9 pacientes (7 hombres) de 21 a 91 años. Todos fueron operados. La mayoría ingresó con hemodinamia estable. El mecanismo fue siempre traumático. Las indicaciones quirúrgicas fueron: dolor intratable, alteración de la mecánica ventilatoria, tórax volante, deformidad y ayuda en la rehabilitación de un trauma raquimedular. Discusión: La FE es una patología infrecuente, siendo aún más escasa su resolución quirúrgica reportada a nivel mundial. Conclusiones: Presentamos el primer reporte de una serie de casos de FE operada en Chile. La osteosíntesis esternal permite el manejo de la FE con buenos resultados funcionales con baja tasa de morbilidad. Los resultados obtenidos son comparables a los observados en la literatura internacional.

Aim: To describe demographic characteristics and surgical treatment carried out on patients with a sternal fracture (SF) in the last 5 years. Materials and Method: Retrospective descriptive study of patients operated on for SF between January 2015 and January 2020. We analyzed age, sex, morbid history, hemodynamics on admission, causal mechanism and characteristics of sternal injury, associated injuries, surgical indication and complications. Results: During the period, 9 patients were admitted to our hospital (7 men) from 21 to 91 years old. All were operated. Most were admitted with stable hemodynamics. The mechanism was always traumatic. The surgical indications were: intractable pain, alteration of ventilatory mechanics, flail chest, deformity and aid in the rehabilitation of spinal cord trauma. Discussion: SF is an infrequent pathology, its surgical resolution reported worldwide being even scarce. Conclusions: We present the first report of a series of cases of SF operated in Chile. Sternal osteosynthesis allows the management of EF with good functional results with a low morbidity rate. The results obtained are comparable to those observed in the international literature.

Retrosternal Deformations after Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery Using Statistical Shape Analysis

Abstract Introduction: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the anatomical deformations of the major vascular structures in the retrosternal area caused by adhesions following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Methods: This single-center, retrospective study included a total of 40 patients with a previous CABG who were admitted to our emergency unit for any reason and underwent a contrast-enhanced chest computed tomography (patient group) and 40 patients without previous cardiac surgery (control group) between January 2018 and November 2019. The retrosternal area was compared between the groups using the statistical shape analysis method. The distance between the sternum and the ascending aorta and pulmonary artery was measured and anatomical deformations of the retrosternal area were examined. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in the anatomical structures of the retrosternal area between the patient and control groups (P<0.001). The distance from the midsternal line to the highest point of the pulmonary artery was statistically significantly shorter in the patient group, compared to the control group (P=0.013). The distance from the sternum to the ascending aorta was also shorter in the patient group, although it did not reach statistical significance (P>0.05). Conclusions: Our study results showed narrowing of the retrosternal area following CABG and a shorter distance from the sternum to the pulmonary artery than the ascending aorta. Based on these findings, surgeons should be cautious about possible injuries in patients requiring cardiac surgery with repeated median sternotomy.

Treatment and Chest Reconstruction for Mediastinitis Following Sternotomy for Cardiac Surgery at the Heart Institute of the University of São Paulo Medical School

Abstract This study presents the method used for chest reconstruction and treatment of mediastinitis following cardiac surgery at the Heart Institute of the University of São Paulo Medical School. After infection control with antibiotic therapy associated with aggressive surgical debridement and negative pressure wound therapy, chest reconstruction is performed using flaps. The advantages and disadvantages of negative pressure wound therapy are discussed, as well as options for flap-based chest reconstruction according to the characteristics of the patient and sternum. Further studies are needed to provide evidence to support the decisions when facing this great challenge.

Design and Clinical Application of Split Memory Alloy Sternum Plate / 中国医疗器械杂志

OBJECTIVE@#The design and development of split memory alloy sternum bone plate are discussed, and the effect of split memory alloy sternum bone plate internal fixation in the treatment of sternal fractures are analysed.@*METHODS@#The structure of the product is designed according to the anatomy and physiological characteristics of human bones, and the cross section shape of the product is designed according to the cross section shape of human bones. Internal fixation is effective in the treatment of sternal fracture.@*RESULTS@#The split memory alloy sternal plate was successfully designed and developed, and all the patients with sternal fractures treated by internal fixation were clinically healed, the hospitalization and fracture healing time were significantly shortened, and no obvious complications occurred.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The application of split memory alloy sternal plate internal fixation in the treatment of sternal fracture has the advantages of small trauma, simple operation, safety, reliable fixation, good histocompatibility and less complications, and is conducive to promoting fracture healing and respiratory function improvement.

A simple modification of the conventional figure-of-eight sternal closure technique

Abstract Objective: To describe a new technique of sternal closure, modified from the conventional figure-of-eight approach, which can provide a secure closure and prevent sternal complications. Methods: The modified technique is based on the intercalation of the caudal portion of each steel wire passed along the sternum. This is a retrospective analysis of patients operated with this modified technique at our institution between January 2014 and December 2016. Results: One hundred and forty-three patients underwent sternal closure with the modified technique. In-hospital mortality rate was 1.4% (n=2). No sternal instability was observed at 30 days postoperatively. Two patients developed mediastinitis that required extraction of the wires. Conclusion: Short-term results have shown that the modified sternal closure technique can be used safely and effectively, with complications rates being consistent with worldwide experience.

Back to the future: a case series of minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum with regular instruments / De volta para o futuro: série de casos de reparo minimamente invasivo do pectus excavatum com instrumentos comuns

ABSTRACT Objective: Minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum (MIRPE) is a surgical treatment for PE. During the procedure, a specialized introducer is used to tunnel across the mediastinum for thoracoscopic insertion of a metal bar. There have been reported cases of cardiac perforation during this risky step. The large introducer can be a dangerous lever in unskilled hands. We set out to determine the safety and feasibility of using regular instruments (i.e., not relying on special devices or tools) to create the retrosternal tunnel during MIRPE. Methods: This was a preliminary study of MIRPE with regular instruments (MIRPERI), involving 28 patients with PE. We recorded basic patient demographics, chest measurements, and surgical details, as well as intraoperative and postoperative complications. Results: Patients undergoing MIRPERI had Haller index values ranging from 2.58 to 5.56. No intraoperative complications occurred. Postoperative complications included nausea/vomiting in 8 patients, pruritus in 2, and dizziness in 2, as well as atelectasis, pneumothorax with thoracic drainage, pleural effusion, and dyspnea in 1 patient each. Conclusions: In this preliminary study, the rate of complications associated with MIRPERI was comparable to that reported in the literature for MIRPE. The MIRPERI approach has the potential to improve the safety of PE repair, particularly for surgeons that do not have access to certain special instruments or have not been trained in their use.

RESUMO Objetivo: O minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum (MIRPE, reparo minimamente invasivo do pectus excavatum) é um tratamento cirúrgico do PE. Durante o procedimento, utiliza-se um introdutor específico a fim de criar um túnel mediastinal para a colocação toracoscópica de uma barra metálica. Já houve casos relatados de perfuração cardíaca durante essa etapa arriscada. O introdutor grande pode ser uma perigosa alavanca em mãos inábeis. Propusemo-nos a determinar a segurança e viabilidade do uso de instrumentos comuns (isto é, sem contar com dispositivos ou ferramentas especiais) para criar o túnel retroesternal durante o MIRPE. Métodos: Estudo preliminar sobre o MIRPE with regular instruments (MIRPERI, MIRPE com instrumentos comuns), envolvendo 28 pacientes com PE. Foram registrados dados demográficos básicos dos pacientes, medições torácicas e detalhes cirúrgicos, bem como complicações intra e pós-operatórias. Resultados: Os pacientes submetidos ao MIRPERI apresentavam índice de Haller entre 2,58 e 5,56. Não ocorreram complicações intraoperatórias. As complicações pós-operatórias incluíram náusea/vômito em 8 pacientes, prurido em 2 e tontura em 2, bem como atelectasia, pneumotórax com drenagem torácica, derrame pleural e dispneia em 1 paciente cada. Conclusões: Neste estudo preliminar, a taxa de complicações associadas ao MIRPERI foi comparável à relatada na literatura para o MIRPE. A abordagem de MIRPERI tem o potencial de melhorar a segurança do reparo do PE, particularmente para cirurgiões que não têm acesso a certos instrumentos especiais ou não foram treinados para utilizá-los.

Fraturas de esterno em uma unidade de tratamento intensivo especializada em trauma / Sternal fractures in a level III trauma intensive care unit

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar epidemiologia, características anatômicas, manejo e prognóstico de pacientes críticos com fraturas de esterno. Métodos: análise retrospectiva de pacientes internados em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) de emergências cirúrgicas e trauma de um centro de trauma Tipo III em São Paulo, Brasil. Resultados: foram admitidos 1552 pacientes traumatizados no período de janeiro de 2012 a abril de 2016. Desses, 439 apresentavam trauma torácico e 13 apresentavam fratura de esterno, configurando 0,9% das admissões de trauma e 3% dos traumas torácicos. Desses pacientes, três apresentavam tórax instável e dois foram submetidos à conduta cirúrgica para fixação da fratura. A mortalidade de pacientes com fratura de esterno foi de 29% (três pacientes). Em um dos óbitos pôde-se atribuir a fratura do esterno como contribuinte principal para o desfecho. Conclusão: a fratura de esterno foi diagnosticada em 0,9% dos pacientes críticos vítimas de trauma em UTI especializada. Somente 15% dos pacientes necessitaram de conduta cirúrgica específica na fase aguda e a mortalidade foi decorrente das outras lesões na maior parte dos casos.

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate epidemiology, anatomical characteristics, management, and prognosis of critical patients with sternum fractures. Methods: retrospective analysis of patients admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) of a Level III trauma center in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Results: 1552 trauma patients were admitted from January 2012 to April 2016. A total of 439 patients had thoracic trauma and among these, 13 patients had sternum fracture, making up 0.9% of all trauma admissions and 3% of all thoracic trauma cases. Three of these 13 patients had unstable chest, two underwent surgical management for fracture fixation, and three died (mortality was of 29%). In one of the deaths, sternum fracture was assessed as the main contributor to the outcome. Conclusion: sternum fracture was diagnosed in 0.9% of critical trauma patients in a specialized ICU. Only 15% of patients required specific surgical management in the acute phase. In most cases, mortality was due to other injuries.

Uso de colgajos perforantes para el tratamiento de hidradenitis supurativa axilar y esternal graves / Use of perforator flaps for treatment of severe axillary and sternal hidradenitis suppurativa

Resumen Objetivo: Presentar una serie de reconstrucciones con colgajos perforantes en pacientes con casos severos de hidradenitis supurativa y sus resultados. Pacientes y métodos: Se realizaron 7 reconstrucciones axilares y un caso de reconstrucción esternal en 5 pacientes. Todos los pacientes correspondieron a la clasificación II o III de Hurley, y fueron derivados a nuestro servicio después de por lo menos un año de tratamiento médico sin obtener resultados. El equipo de cirugía plástica realizó tanto la resección como la reconstrucción en todos los casos. Los vasos perforantes fueron marcados con un dispositivo Doppler sonido. Resultados: Se obtuvo cobertura en todos los casos, con solo una pérdida parcial de colgajo que fue resuelta con curaciones. Tras un seguimiento de 26 meses, no hubo recidiva de hidradenitis supurativa. Todas las reconstrucciones evolucionaron con resultados funcionales óptimos. Conclusión: Los colgajos perforantes son una buena alternativa para el tratamiento de casos severos de hidradenitis supurativa, tanto esternal como axilar. Por esta razón, debe ser considerado en el armamento de cirujanos plásticos que traten esta enfermedad, una vez que el tratamiento médico haya fallado.

Abstract Aim: To present a brief series of reconstructions with perforator flaps in severe cases of hidradenitis suppurativa patients and results. Patients and methods: Seven axillary and one sternal case in five patients were operated on. All patients were in stage II or III according to Hurley classification, and were referred after at least one year of medical treatment with no satisfactory result. The plastic surgery team performed both, resection and reconstruction in all cases. Perforator vessels were marked using a handheld Doppler device. Results: One partial flap failure occurred, which healed with standard wound care. After a median follow up of 26 months, no relapse of hidradenitis suppurativa occurred. All reconstructions evolved with full functional results. Conclusion: Perforator flaps are a good choice in the treatment of severe cases of hidradenitis suppurativa, both sternal and axillary. It should be considered in the armamentarium of any plastic surgeon treating patients with this condition, once the medical treatment has failed.

Fractura de esternón: presentación de un caso / Sternal fracture: case report

Resumen Introducción: En Cuba los reportes de series de fracturas de esternón son prácticamente nulos. Resulta de opinión unánime en la bibliografía consultada que esta es una entidad poco frecuente. Objetivo: Presentar un caso tratado pues a pesar de ser conocido, su incidencia es muy baja, y el escaso número de series estudiadas unido a la diversidad de las técnicas quirúrgicas propuestas dificultan la selección de una que ofrezca los mejores resultados. Método: Paciente femenina de 26 años de edad con antecedentes de esquizofrenia paranoide que saltó desde un puente de 10 m en un intento suicida. Por los antecedentes y la clínica se diagnosticó una fractura esternal simple desplazada y fracturas expuestas de ambos miembros inferiores. Decidimos intervenir quirúrgicamente de urgencia la fractura esternal. Realizamos reducción de la fractura y osteosíntesis con alambre quirúrgico n.o 5. La evolución fue satisfactoria hasta el egreso hospitalario. Conclusiones: Realizamos tratamiento quirúrgico como indicación de la deformidad torácica y la paciente evolucionó de forma favorable sin complicaciones a corto y a largo plazos.

Abstract Introduction: In Cuba the reports of sternal fractures series are practically null. It is the unanimous opinion in the consulted bibliography that this it is a not very frequent entity. Objective: To present a treated case that in spite of being known, their incidence is very low, and the scarce number of studied series together to the diversity of the techniques surgical proposals hinders the selection of one that offers the best results. Method: Female patient of 26 years of age with antecedents of paranoid schizophrenia that jumped from a bridge of 10 m in a suicidal intent. For the antecedents and the clinical was diagnosed a sternal fracture displaced simple and exposed fractures of both inferior members. We decided to intervene surgically of urgency the sternal fracture. We carried out reduction of the fracture and osteosynthesis with surgical wire No. 5. The progression was satisfactory till the hospital discharge. Conclusions: We carry out surgical treatment as indication of the thoracic deformity and the patient evolved in a favourable way without complications to short and long term.

The analgesic efficacy of continuous presternal bupivacaine infusion through a single catheter after cardiac surgery.

Background: Median sternotomy, sternal spreading, and sternal wiring are the main causes of pain during the early recovery phase following cardiac surgery. Aim: This study was designed to evaluate the analgesic efficacy of continuous presternal bupivacaine infusion through a single catheter after parasternal block following cardiac surgery. Materials and Methods: The total of 40 patients (American Society of Anesthesiologist status II, III), 45–60 years old, undergoing coronary – artery bypass grafting were enrolled in this prospective, randomized, double‑blind study. A presternal catheter was inserted with continuous infusion of 5 mL/h bupivacaine 0.25% (Group B) or normal saline (Group C) during the first 48 postoperative hrs. Primary outcomes were postoperative morphine requirements and pain scores, secondary outcomes were extubation time, postoperative respiratory parameters, incidence of wound infection, Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and hospital stay duration, and bupivacaine level in blood. Statistical Methods: Student’s t‑test was used to analyze the parametric data and Chi‑square test for categorical variables. Results: During the postoperative 48 h, there was marked reduction in morphine requirements in Group B compared to Group C, (8.6 ± 0.94 mg vs. 18.83 ± 3.4 mg respectively, P = 0.2), lower postoperative pain scores, shorter extubation time (117 ± 10 min vs. 195 ± 19 min, respectively, P = 0.03), better respiratory parameters (PaO2/ FiO2, PaCO2 and pH), with no incidence of wound infection, no differences in ICU or hospital stay duration. The plasma concentration of bupivacaine remained below the toxic threshold (at T24, 1.2 ug/ml ± 0.3 and T48 h 1.7 ± 0.3 ug/ml). Conclusion: Continuous presternal bupivacaine infusion has resulted in better postoperative analgesia, reduction in morphine requirements, shorter time to extubation, and better postoperative respiratory parameters than the control group.

Hidradenite supurativa (acne inversa): revisão da literatura e relato de caso sobre o tratamento cirúrgico de lesão pré-esternal / Hidradenitis suppurativa (acne inversa): review of the literature and case report on the surgical treatment of a presternal lesion

A Hidradenite Supurativa é uma doença crônica debilitante, estigmatizante e de difícil tratamento. A doença apresenta várias características clínicas, podendo ocorrer isolada ou simultaneamente em diversas localizações, geralmente simétricas, distribuídas na "linha do leite". Afeta a pele onde há maior quantidade de glândulas apócrinas intertriginosas, em ordem decrescente: axilas, região ano-genital, aréolas e sulco inframamário. Seu curso insidioso inicia com nódulos subcutâneos que se rompem e/ou coalescem, formando abscessos na derme profunda, extremamente doloridos. As lesões frequentemente drenam exudato purulento fétido, com importante prejuízo à qualidade de vida. Com a progressão da doença, ocorre formação de fistulas, comedões, fibrose, contraturas dérmicas e endurecimento da pele. Suas maiores chances de cura estão no diagnóstico precoce e tratamento individualizado, que abrange medidas farmacológicas, comportamentais e cirúrgicas. O tratamento cirúrgico tem sido considerado a medida curativa mais efetiva. A decisão entre as diversas modalidades vai depender do estágio, apresentação e comprometimento local e incluem incisão e drenagem dos abscessos, deroofing, marsupialização, eletrocirurgia, laser Nd:YAG, laser de CO2 e excisão cirúrgica extensa. As opções de reconstrução incluem cicatrização por segunda intenção, enxerto de pele total imediato ou tardio, fechamento primário e retalhos. O caso relatado de lesões préesternais apresentava características clínicas e histológicas compatíveis com HS, sendo esta uma localização incomum na Literatura. O resultado pós-operatório da ressecção de toda a lesão com fechamento primário mostrou-se resolutivo após longo tempo de seguimento. Mais ensaios clínicos randomizados são necessários para estipular o melhor manejo na HS.

Hidradenitis suppurativa is a chronic debilitating and stigmatizing disease that is difficult to treat. The disease presents several clinical characteristics, which may occur alone or simultaneously in various locations, generally symmetrical and distributed in the "milk line". It affects the following areas of the skin where intertriginous apocrine glands are numerous, in the descending order: axilla, anogenital region, areolas, and inframammary crease. Its insidious progression begins with formation of subcutaneous nodules that rupture and/or coalesce, forming extremely painful abscesses in the deep dermis. The lesions often drain foul purulent exudate, with significant damage to quality of life. As the disease progresses, formation of fistulas, comedones, fibrosis, dermal contractures, and hardening of the skin occur. The highest chances of cure are lie in early diagnosis and individualized treatment, which covers pharmacological, behavioral, and surgical measures. Surgical treatment has been considered a more effective curative measure. The decision between the different modalities will depend on the stage, presentation, and local commitment and include incision and drainage of abscesses, deroofing, marsupialization, electrosurgery, Nd:YAG laser, CO2 laser, and extensive surgical excision. The reconstruction options include healing by second intention, immediate or delayed full-thickness skin graft, primary closure, and flaps. The reported case of presternal injuries presented clinical and histological characteristics compatible with hidradenitis suppurativa; this location has been rarely reported in the literature. The postoperative results of complete resection of the lesion with primary closure indicated resolution over a long follow-up period. More randomized clinical trials are needed to determine the best management strategy for hidradenitis suppurativa.

Fractura de esternón por cornada de Buey / Sternal fracture caused by ox horns

Introducción: las fracturas de esternón son infrecuentes, por cuanto se reportan muy pocos casos en la bibliografía médica, lo que despierta gran interés conocer la conducta correcta que se debe seguir con estos enfermos. Objetivo: presentar un caso tratado y revisar la bibliografía acerca de la enfermedad. Métodos: se realizó una amplia revisión del tema y se presenta la descripción del diagnóstico y tratamiento del enfermo con una fractura esternal. Presentación del caso: paciente con fractura de esternón secundario a trauma torácico cerrado causado por cornada de buey. Luego de determinado el diagnóstico en un lapso de 4 horas se decidió la intervención quirúrgica de urgencia para realizar reducción de la fractura y osteosíntesis con alambre No 5 y lámina tubular de mediano fragmento No 20 con 6 tornillos. La ventilación mecánica como terapéutica complementaria se mantuvo durante el postoperatorio. La evolución fue satisfactoria hasta el egreso hospitalario y el enfermo permanece asintomático durante su seguimiento. Conclusiones: es factible la osteosíntesis en el esternón utilizando lámina y clavos, dando una estabilidad y consolidación del foco de fractura adecuado y sin secuelas(AU)

Introduction: sternal fractures are infrequent because they are reported in very few cases in medical literature, which arouses great interest of knowing the correct behavior to be adopted with these patients. Objective: to present a treated case and to review literature about this type of disease. Methods: an extensive literature review was made and the description of diagnosis and treatment of a patient with sternal fracture was presented. Case presentation: a patient with sternal fracture secondary to close chest trauma after the patient being gored in the thorax by an ox. After 4 hours of diagnosing process, it was decided to operate him to reduce fracture and to apply osteosynthesis with no 5 wire and no 20 medium fragment tubular plate with 6 screws. The mechanical ventilation was the supplementary therapy during the postoperative phase. The progression was satisfactory till the hospital discharge and the patient remained asymptomatic during the follow-up period. Conclusions: it is feasible to use osteosynthesis in the sternum by using plate and screws to give stability and consolidation of the fracture focus adequately without any sequelae(AU)

Assessment of sternal closure using titanium plate / Avaliação do fechamento esternal com placa de titânio

INTRODUCTION: The use of plates and screws for more rigid fixation of the sternum, without maintaining contact between the upper portion of the sternum and mediastinum. The present study seeks new choice of plate with a significant difference, the same does not need to be removed in order to proceed to open when necessary sternal emerging opening of the bone. OBJECTIVE: The current study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of this procedure. METHODS: To this end, we selected ten patients with coronary artery disease have shown no significant risk factors for mediastinitis. The surgery was thus performed in the usual way that all patients with coronary artery disease surgeries are done at the institution. Only at the time of sternal closure is that there was a change, with the combination of steel wires and plates. RESULTS: All cases had sternal closure properly with good outcome in the medium term. CONCLUSION: The use of plates ENGIMPLAN proved safe and effective for sternal closure.

INTRODUÇÃO: A utilização de placas e parafuso para a mais rígida fixação do esterno, sem manter contato entre a porção superior do esterno e o mediastino. O estudo atual busca nova opção de placa, com um diferencial importante; a mesma não precisa ser retirada para que se proceda à abertura esternal em caso de necessidade emergente de abertura do osso. OBJETIVO: O presente estudo tem por objetivo avaliar a eficácia e a segurança de tal procedimento. MÉTODOS: Para tal, foram selecionados dez pacientes portadores de doença arterial coronária que não apresentassem importantes fatores de risco para mediastinite. As cirurgias foram, portanto, realizadas da maneira habitual, a todas os procedimentos em portadores de coronariopatias são feitas na Instituição. Somente no momento do fechamento esternal é que houve uma modificação, com a associação de fios de aço e placas. RESULTADOS: Todos os casos apresentaram fechamento esternal de forma adequada com boa evolução a médio prazo. CONCLUSÃO: O emprego das placas ENGIMPLAN se mostrou seguro e eficaz no fechamento esternal.

Use of the pectoralis major fasciocutaneous flap in the treatment of post sternotomy dehiscence: a new approach / Utilização do retalho fasciocutâneo do músculo peitoral maior na deiscência de esternotomia: uma nova abordagem

OBJECTIVE: To describe a new surgical technique for the treatment dehiscence after median thoracotomy transsternal using fasciocutaneous flap composed of the pectoralis major fascia. METHODS: Between January 2009 and December 2010, from 1,573 patients submitted to coronary artery bypass graft, 21 developed wound dehiscence after sternotomy and were treated with bilateral pectoralis major muscle fasciocutaneous flap, including partial portion of the rectus abdominis fascia. Patients were followed for a minimum of 90 days postoperatively. RESULTS: All patients had favorable outcome following 90 days, not having any partial or total dehiscence. There were no cases of postoperative infection. CONCLUSION: The procedure was rapid and effective. Compared with techniques using muscle, myocutaneous or greater omentum flaps, this surgery was less aggressive and maintained the integrity of tissue region. The authors considered that this technique should be used as the first option, leaving the flaps to more complex cases of relapse.

OBJETIVO: Descrever uma nova técnica cirúrgica para a reparação das deiscências pós-toracotomia mediana transesternal com o uso de retalho composto fasciocutâneo da fáscia do músculo peitoral maior. MÉTODOS: Entre janeiro de 2009 e dezembro de 2010, de um total de 1.573 cirurgias de revascularização do miocárdio, 21 pacientes que apresentaram deiscência da esternotomia foram submetidos à correção com retalho fasciocutâneo bilateral do músculo peitoral maior, incluindo parcialmente a fáscia do músculo reto abdominal. Os pacientes foram acompanhados por um mínimo de 90 dias de período pós-operatório. RESULTADOS: Todos os pacientes apresentaram evolução favorável no seguimento de 90 dias, não ocorrendo nenhuma parcial ou total da deiscência. Não houve nenhum caso de infecção pós-operatória. CONCLUSÃO: Este procedimento mostrou ser rápido e efetivo. Comparando com o uso de retalhos musculares, musculocutâneos ou de omento, foi uma cirurgia menos agressiva e que manteve a integridade dos tecidos da região. Considerou-se que essa técnica deveria ser utilizada como primeira opção, deixando os retalhos mais complexos para os casos de recidivas.

Long term mortality of deep sternal wound infection after coronary artery bypass surgery / Mortalidade em longo prazo da infecção esternal profunda após cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio

BACKGROUND: Deep sternal wound infection and mediastinitis determine high in-hospital mortality. International studies show that these patients are also at increased cardiovascular mortality risk in long-term follow-up. However, data are scarce and there is no national data. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to evaluate the mortality and incidence of cardiovascular events in long-term follow-up of patients suffering from deep sternal wound infection and mediastinitis. METHODS: Case-control study, matched by propensity score in a 1:1 proportion, in patients submitted to coronary artery bypass grafting between 2005 and 2008 at the Institute Dante Pazzanese of Cardiology (São Paulo, SP, Brazil). The primary outcome was death. As a secondary outcome, we analyzed the composite event of myocardial infarction, new revascularization, stroke or death. RESULTS: Of 1975 patients, 114 developed one of the infections. During the mean follow up of 3.6 years, deep sternal wound infection and mediastinitis increased the risk of death by 8.26 (95% CI 1.88-36.29, P = 0.005) and the incidence of combined end point by 2.61 (95% CI 1.2-5.69, P = 0.015). The Kaplan-Meier curves for both outcomes demonstrated that the greatest risk occurs in the first six months, followed by a period of stabilization and further increase in the incidence of events after 4 years of hospital discharge. The similarity between the curves of primary and secondary outcomes may be consequent to the predominance of death on the combined cardiovascular events. CONCLUSION: The presence of deep sternal wound infection or mediastinitis increased mortality in long-term follow-up in this sample of the Brazilian population according to the same pattern displayed by the developed countries.

INTRODUÇÃO: A infecção esternal profunda e a mediastinite determinam elevada mortalidade intra-hospitalar. Estudos prévios demonstram que esses pacientes também apresentam maior mortalidade cardiovascular em longo prazo. No entanto, os dados são escassos para o Brasil. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a mortalidade e a incidência de eventos cardiovasculares em longo prazo em pacientes acometidos de infecção esternal profunda e mediastinite. MÉTODOS: Estudo de caso-controle com pareamento 1:1 por meio de propensity score, em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio entre 2005 e 2008, no Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia (São Paulo, SP, Brasil). O desfecho primário avaliado foi óbito. Como desfecho secundário, analisou-se o composto de infarto agudo do miocárdio, nova revascularização miocárdica, acidente vascular encefálico ou óbito. RESULTADOS: De 1975 pacientes avaliados, 114 desenvolveram infecção esternal profunda ou mediastinite. Durante o seguimento médio de 3,6 anos, as infecções conferiram razão de risco de óbito de 8,26 (IC 95% 1,88-36,29, P = 0,005), tendo sido a razão de risco de desfecho combinado de 2,61 (IC 95% 1,2-5,69, P = 0,015). A curva de Kaplan-Meier para ambos os desfechos demonstra que o maior risco ocorre nos primeiros 6 meses, seguindo-se um período de estabilização e novo aumento na incidência de eventos após 4 anos da alta hospitalar. A semelhança entre as curvas dos desfechos primário e secundário pode ser consequente à predominância do óbito sobre os demais eventos cardiovasculares. CONCLUSÃO: A presença de infecção esternal profunda ou de mediastinite aumentou a mortalidade em longo prazo nesta amostra da população brasileira, de acordo com o mesmo padrão exibido nos países desenvolvidos.

Surgical treatment of lone atrial fibrillation by mid-sternotomy Maze procedure under standard cardiopulmonary bypass / Tratamento cirúrgico da fibrilação atrial paroxística em esternotomia mediana usando procedimento de Maze sob circulação extracorpórea padrão

The aim of article is to give a brief description to the surgical strategies for patients with lone atrial fibrillation without associated cardiac operations, and present the possible indications of on-pump Maze procedures through a mid-sternotomy approach.

O objetivo do artigo é fazer uma breve descrição das estratégias cirúrgicas para pacientes com fibrilação atrial isolada sem operações cardíacas associadas, e apresentar possíveis indicações de procedimentos Maze com circulação extracorpórea por meio de esternotomia mediana.

Risk factors for sternal wound infections and application of the STS score in coronary artery bypass graft surgery / Fatores de risco para infecção de ferida esternal e aplicação do escore da STS em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica

BACKGROUND: Sternal wound infection (SWI) after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is a major complication. Identifying patients at risk of SWI is essential for the application of preventive measures. OBJECTIVE: To identify the pre- and intra-operative risk factors, apply the STS risk score and determine the correlation between the risk score and microorganisms isolated from surgical wounds in a Brazilian hospital. METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of a database of all CABG surgeries performed in a single institution from 2006 to 2008. Chi-square analysis was used for categorical variables and Student's t-test was used for quantitative variables. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to identify independent risk factors for SWI. P <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The infection rate was 7.2 percent (143/1975). The multiple regression analysis found the following risk factors: female gender (OR 2.06; 95 percentCI 1.40-3.03; P<0.001), BMI>40 kg/m² (OR 6.27, 95 percentCI 2.53-15.48; P<0.001), diabetes (OR 2.33; 95 percentCI 1.56-3.49; P<0.001), number of affected coronary arteries (OR 7.78; 95 percentCI 1.04-57.79; P<0.001) and use of bilateral internal thoracic artery (OR 3.85; 95 percentCI 2.10-7.07; P<0.001). Infected patients had a mean score of 9, whereas non-infected patients had a mean score of 7 (P<0.001). There was no correlation between microorganisms, scores and risk factors. CONCLUSION: Female gender, diabetes, BMI>40 kg/m², number of affected coronary arteries and use of bilateral internal thoracic artery were associated with a higher risk of infection. The STS risk score can be successfully used and there was no correlation between microorganisms, the score and risk factors at our institution.

FUNDAMENTO: A infecção de ferida operatória esternal após cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica (CRM) é uma grave complicação. Identificar pacientes com risco elevado é fundamental para introdução de medidas de preventivas. OBJETIVO: Identificar os fatores de risco pré e intra-operatórios, avaliar o escore de risco da STS e correlação entre o escore e os microorganismos isolados em ferida operatória em hospital brasileiro. MÉTODOS: Análise retrospectiva de um banco de dados prospectivamente coletado de todas as CRM realizadas em centro único, no período de 2006 a 2008. Teste do qui-quadrado foi utilizado para variáveis categóricas e teste t-Student, para variáveis quantitativas. Modelo multivariado por regressão logística foi utilizado para identificação de fatores de risco independente para infecção de ferida esternal. P<0,05 foi considerado significativo. RESULTADOS: A incidência de infecção foi de 7,2 por cento (143/1975). Na regressão múltipla, identificamos os seguintes fatores de risco: sexo feminino (OR 2,06; IC95 por cento; 1,40-3,03; P<0,001), IMC>40 kg/m² (OR 5,38; IC95 por cento; 2,24-12,90; P<0,001), diabetes (OR 2,33; IC95 por cento 1,56-3,49; P<0,001), número de artérias coronárias acometidas (OR 2,06; IC95 por cento; 1,40-3,03; P<0,001) e uso bilateral de artéria torácica interna (OR 3,44; IC95 por cento 1,89-6,26; P<0,001). Os pacientes infectados apresentaram média de escore da STS de 9 versus 7 nos não infectados (P<0,001). Não houve correlação entre microorganismos, escore e fatores de risco. CONCLUSÃO: Sexo feminino, diabetes, IMC>40 kg/m², número de artérias coronárias acometidas, uso bilateral da artéria torácica interna foram associados a maior risco de infecção. O escore de risco da STS pode ser aplicado com sucesso, não havendo correlação entre microrganismos, escore e fatores de risco em nossa instituição.